Manual coffee grinders remain a favorite for coffee enthusiasts who value precision, control, and portability. The Martens G-01 stands out as the best overall choice thanks to its external adjustment and magnetic cup for easy use. The TIMEMORE Chestnut C3S Pro offers a durable stainless steel burr and foldable handle, making it ideal for travel. However, tradeoffs in this category often involve balancing grind consistency against ease of use or portability. Keep reading for a detailed breakdown of the best manual coffee grinders and which one suits your brewing style.
Complete the kit
Key Takeaways
- Grind consistency across models varies, with burr quality being a key differentiator.
- Portability features like foldable handles or compact size are common tradeoffs for capacity or stability.
- Adjustable settings range from simple to highly granular, impacting versatility.
- Materials like ceramic versus steel burrs influence durability and maintenance needs.
- Price does not always equate to quality—some budget models deliver surprisingly good performance for casual use.
| manual coffee grinder | Material | Burr Type |
|---|---|---|
| Martens G-01 Manual Coffee Gri | Stainless steel | 7-star precision-cut burr |
| TIMEMORE Chestnut C3S Pro Manu | — | S2C660 hexagonal conical burr |
| JavaPresse Manual Stainless St | Stainless Steel and Ceramic | — |
| CEVING Mini Manual Coffee Grin | — | Conical Ceramic |
| Manual Coffee Grinder with Cer | Stainless steel and ceramic | Ceramic |
| PARACITY Manual Coffee Grinder | Ceramic burr, glass jars, silicone base | — |
| Manual Coffee Grinder with Cer | ABS plastic | Ceramic conical |
| KINGrinder P0 Lightweight Manu | — | — |
| CEVING World’s First 60g Large | Stainless steel burrs | — |
| Mini Manual Coffee Grinder wit | ABS, ceramic | — |
| KINGrinder K6 Manual Coffee Gr | — | — |
| Circle Joy Manual Coffee Grind | Stainless Steel | Conical Burr |
More Details on Our Top Picks
Martens G-01 Manual Coffee Grinder – External Adjustment, Magnetic Cup, Foldable Handle
The Martens G-01 stands out for its external dial adjustment, which offers precise control over grind size—comparable to the TIMEMORE Chestnut C3S Pro but with a more compact, foldable handle that enhances portability. Its stainless steel burr ensures consistent grounds, though it’s not designed for high-volume use, making it less suitable for busy households. The magnetic catch cup simplifies cleanup, and the foldable handle makes packing easy. Compared to larger, bulkier grinders, this model excels in travel scenarios but sacrifices some capacity and speed. Its overall balance between precision, size, and ease of transport makes it ideal for travelers or those with limited storage space.
Pros:- Precise external grind size adjustment for consistent results
- Foldable handle and compact design enhance portability
- Magnetic catch cup simplifies cleaning and prevents spills
Cons:- Slower grinding process compared to electric or larger manual grinders
- Limited capacity makes it unsuitable for frequent large-batch brewing
Best for: Travelers and commuters needing a precise, space-saving grinder
Not ideal for: Heavy coffee drinkers or those preparing large quantities at once, due to its limited capacity
- Capacity:28-35 grams
- Material:Stainless steel
- Burr Type:7-star precision-cut burr
- Adjustment:External dial
- Handle:Foldable
- Included Components:Cleaning brush, magnetic catch cup
Our verdict“This grinder is perfect for travelers and those valuing precision in a compact form, but less so for high-volume use.”
TIMEMORE Chestnut C3S Pro Manual Coffee Grinder, Stainless Steel S2C Conical Burr, Foldable Handle, Adjustable Grind, Black
The TIMEMORE Chestnut C3S Pro offers an all-metal construction with a sophisticated hexagonal conical burr, providing highly consistent grounds for finer brews like espresso. Its 36 grind settings surpass the CEVING Mini in precision, making it ideal for users who demand fine-tuning, though it requires more effort for coarser grinds. The durable aluminum body dissipates heat during grinding, maintaining bean integrity. Unlike the JavaPresse, which prioritizes portability and simplicity, this model leans toward precision and durability for serious enthusiasts or frequent users. Its larger size and manual effort make it less suitable for quick or casual brewing but perfect for those who want a reliable, long-lasting grinder.
Pros:- All-metal construction ensures durability and heat dissipation
- Up to 36 grind settings for tailored brewing methods
- Foldable handle enhances portability without sacrificing build quality
Cons:- Requires more effort for coarser grinds, which can be tiring
- Heavier and larger than simpler models like JavaPresse, less convenient for quick trips
Best for: Serious coffee enthusiasts needing precise grind control and durability
Not ideal for: Casual drinkers or travelers seeking lightweight, quick solutions, as it’s heavier and more effortful to operate
- Body Material:All-metal aluminum alloy
- Burr Type:S2C660 hexagonal conical burr
- Handle:Foldable
- Grind Settings:Approx 36 levels
- Diameter:52 mm
- Use Case:Travel, camping, home
Our verdict“Ideal for dedicated coffee lovers prioritizing durability and fine control over convenience and speed.”
JavaPresse Manual Stainless Steel Coffee Grinder – 18 Adjustable Settings, Portable Conical Burr Grinder for Camping and Travel
The JavaPresse offers a versatile 18-step adjustable ceramic conical burr, making it suitable for a wide range of brewing styles from espresso to French Press. Its light, portable design is comparable to the CEVING Mini but with slightly more adjustments for precision. The ceramic burrs resist heat and last longer than steel, ensuring flavor preservation. However, its manual cranking can become tiring during extended use, especially compared to electric models. While the CEVING’s 40 settings provide more control, JavaPresse’s quieter operation and robust build make it a popular choice for casual users and travelers alike. It’s less suited for those seeking rapid grinding or large quantities, but excels in quiet, on-the-go brewing.
Pros:- Adjustable grind settings for diverse brewing methods
- Quiet, manual hand-crank operation minimizes noise
- Durable ceramic burrs extend lifespan and preserve flavor
Cons:- Manual effort can be tiring with frequent or coarse grinding
- Limited capacity makes it less suitable for large batches
Best for: Travelers and casual coffee drinkers who value quiet operation and versatility
Not ideal for: High-volume brewing or users who dislike manual effort, as it requires consistent cranking
- Material:Stainless Steel and Ceramic
- Adjustable Settings:18
- Type:Manual Conical Burr Grinder
- Use Cases:Camping, Travel, Espresso, French Press, Pour Over
Our verdict“Perfect for travelers and casual users seeking quiet, versatile grinding in a portable package.”
CEVING Mini Manual Coffee Grinder with 40 Adjustable Settings, Black
The CEVING Mini delivers an impressive 40 external adjustable settings, surpassing most portable grinders like the JavaPresse in precision. Its compact size and ceramic conical burrs make it ideal for travel and quick cleaning, with a bean capacity of only 30g—less suited for large brews but perfect for personal use. The extensive range of adjustments allows fine-tuning for espresso or French Press, but manual operation can be taxing for coarser grinds or longer use sessions. Its easy disassembly simplifies maintenance, making it a strong choice for those who prioritize control and portability over capacity. Compared to the other models, this grinder emphasizes customization and convenience in a small, travel-ready package.
Pros:- 40 external adjustable settings allow precise grind control
- Compact and lightweight, ideal for travel
- Ceramic burrs provide uniform grind and flavor preservation
- Easy to disassemble and clean
Cons:- Limited bean capacity restricts larger brews
- Manual operation may be tiring during extended use
Best for: Coffee aficionados who prioritize grind precision and portability for personal use
Not ideal for: High-volume brewing or users who prefer electric grinders for speed and ease
- Adjustable Settings:40
- Weight:325g
- Dimensions:6.7 x 2.3 x 7.4 inches
- Bean Capacity:30g
- Burr Type:Conical Ceramic
Our verdict“A great choice for travelers seeking maximum control and customization in a small form factor.”
Manual Coffee Grinder with Ceramic Burr for Espresso, French Press, Adjustable Settings, Hand Crank, Portable
This manual coffee grinder features a stainless steel body with ceramic burrs and five adjustable settings, making it suitable for a variety of brewing styles including espresso and French Press. Its simple, stylish design ensures it fits well in both home and travel environments. While it offers a straightforward operation, the limited five levels of adjustment mean it’s less precise than the models with dozens of settings, like the CEVING or TIMEMORE. The manual crank requires some effort, similar to JavaPresse, but its aesthetic appeal and ease of cleaning make it attractive for casual users. This grinder is best for those who want a reliable, no-fuss option without extensive customization.
Pros:- Durable stainless steel body with ceramic burrs for longevity
- Simple adjustment with five levels covers common brewing needs
- Compact and stylish, easy to disassemble and clean
Cons:- Limited to only five grind levels, less precise than higher-end models
- Manual effort required, which may tire some users during extended grinding
Best for: Home users or travelers seeking a durable, easy-to-use grinder with basic adjustability
Not ideal for: Coffee enthusiasts needing precise control or large batch capacity, due to limited settings and capacity
- Material:Stainless steel and ceramic
- Adjustable Settings:5
- Use:Home, camping, travel
- Burr Type:Ceramic
Our verdict“A practical, stylish choice for casual use and travel where simplicity and durability matter most.”
PARACITY Manual Coffee Grinder with Ceramic Burr and Glass Jars
This grinder stands out for its ceramic burrs that deliver consistent, uniform grounds, making it a strong choice over metal burrs found in some budget models. Its adjustable grind control allows for precise settings, suitable for everything from espresso to French press. Compared with the KINGrinder P0, it offers more variety in grind size, but its glass jars are fragile and can be damaged during shipping, which is a notable downside. The non-slip silicone base ensures stability, and removable parts make cleaning straightforward. However, the glass jars, while convenient for storage, increase fragility, and manual effort might be tiring for larger quantities.
Pros:- Precise and uniform grinding with ceramic burrs
- Adjustable grind settings for various brewing methods
- Quiet operation without electricity
Cons:- Glass jars can be easily damaged during shipping
- Manual effort required for larger quantities
- Glass construction makes it fragile
Best for: Home brewers who prioritize precision and quiet operation without frequent large batches
Not ideal for: Busy households needing high-capacity or durable, travel-proof options due to fragile glass jars and limited capacity
- Capacity:11 oz per jar
- Material:Ceramic burr, glass jars, silicone base
- Handle:Stainless steel
- Includes:Manual coffee grinder, 2 glass jars
Our verdict“This grinder is ideal for home users seeking precision and quiet operation, but not suited for rough handling or large batches.”
Manual Coffee Grinder with Ceramic Burrs for Espresso, French Press, and More – Adjustable Settings, Portable Hand Mill
This model excels through its 40 adjustable grind settings, surpassing the fewer options of the Mini manual grinder. Its transparent glass container lets you monitor the grind, which is a feature the KINGrinder P0 lacks, making it easier to achieve the desired consistency. Its lightweight profile and compact design make it perfect for travelers, though the plastic body may raise concerns about durability over time. While the plastic housing is less premium, it keeps weight down, but manual grinding for larger quantities can become tiring and the small capacity (25g) may require frequent refills for larger brewing needs.
Pros:- 40 adjustable grind settings for various brewing styles
- Transparent glass container for easy monitoring
- Lightweight and portable for travel
Cons:- Limited capacity of 25g may require frequent refilling
- Plastic construction could impact long-term durability
- Manual effort needed for continuous use
Best for: Travelers and campers who need a versatile grinder for multiple brewing methods in a compact form
Not ideal for: Heavy users or those grinding large batches regularly, due to limited capacity and potential durability issues with plastic
- Adjustable Grind Settings:40
- Capacity:25g
- Weight:11.3 oz
- Dimensions:6.7×2.3×6.7 inches
- Material:ABS plastic
- Burr Type:Ceramic conical
Our verdict“This grinder works well for travelers needing versatility and portability, but not for frequent or large batch grinding.”
KINGrinder P0 Lightweight Manual Coffee Grinder, ABS Body, Stainless Burr
The KINGrinder P0’s lightweight build makes it an excellent choice for travel, especially compared to bulkier models like the CEVING grinder. Its 30-step adjustment provides fine control for drip coffee, though it falls short for espresso, which requires finer, more precise grinding. The stainless steel conical burr ensures durability, but with only a 20g capacity, it’s not suited for brewing larger quantities. Cleaning is straightforward, as it disassembles easily, but manual operation can become tiring during extended use. It’s a solid pick for those prioritizing portability and drip coffee, yet less ideal for espresso enthusiasts or high-volume needs.
Pros:- Lightweight and portable, ideal for travel
- Easy to clean with included brush
- Precise grind adjustment with 30 clicks
Cons:- Limited grind capacity of 20g
- Less suitable for espresso or high-volume brewing
- Manual effort may be tiring over time
Best for: Travelers and outdoor enthusiasts focused on drip coffee or small batches
Not ideal for: Espresso aficionados or users who prefer grinding larger quantities regularly due to capacity and grind range limitations
- Weight:330g
- Grind Capacity:20g
- Burr Material:SUS420 stainless steel
- Adjustment Steps:30 clicks
- Adjustment Precision:0.0333mm per click
Our verdict“This grinder offers portability and fine control for drip coffee, but isn’t designed for larger batches or espresso brewing.”
CEVING World’s First 60g Large Capacity Manual Coffee Grinder, Black
This grinder’s standout feature is its sizable 60g capacity, which surpasses most portable models like the Mini grinder, making it suitable for larger households or batch brewing. Its 40 external grind settings provide extensive options from espresso to French press, matching the versatility of the PARACITY but with greater capacity. The stainless steel burrs ensure consistent results, and its lightweight design enhances portability. The need to spray beans with water to reduce static is a minor annoyance, and manual operation can be tiring for some, especially during continuous use. It’s an excellent option for those needing larger batches without sacrificing grind precision.
Pros:- Large 60g capacity for bigger batches
- 40 external grind settings for versatile brewing
- Lightweight and portable for outdoor use
Cons:- Requires spraying beans with water to reduce static
- Manual operation can be tiring for extended grinding
- Limited to manual power without electric option
Best for: Small cafes, larger households, or outdoor enthusiasts needing larger batches with versatile grind options
Not ideal for: Users seeking a compact, ultra-lightweight grinder for solo travel or small daily doses, due to its size and static issue
- Capacity:60g
- Weight:416g
- Dimensions:2.7 x 7.8 x 5.3 inches
- Settings:40 external grind settings
- Material:Stainless steel burrs
- Warranty:1 year
Our verdict“This grinder is perfect for those who need a larger capacity with extensive grind options, but it’s less ideal for quick, solo brewing trips.”
Mini Manual Coffee Grinder with Ceramic Conical Burr, Black
This compact grinder offers 40 adjustable grind settings and a ceramic conical burr, similar to the other portable models but with a more straightforward design. Its small size and ergonomic hand crank make it easy to carry, fitting well into travel routines. Compared with the B0DZBNH7Q7, it has a similar capacity of 30g, but its simplicity might appeal more to minimalist users. Manual grinding requires effort, especially over multiple batches, which could be a drawback for some. Nonetheless, it delivers reliable, consistent grinds for various brewing methods in a very portable package.
Pros:- Adjustable grind settings for versatility
- Portable and lightweight for travel
- Consistent grinding with ceramic burr
Cons:- Manual effort can be tiring over time
- Limited bean capacity for larger quantities
- Basic design may lack some advanced features
Best for: Solo travelers or minimalists needing a reliable, portable grinder for everyday use
Not ideal for: Those needing larger batch capacity or espresso-specific grind precision, due to its limited size and effort required
- Grind Settings:40
- Capacity:30g
- Dimensions:6.7×2.3×6.7 inches
- Weight:11.3 oz
- Material:ABS, ceramic
Our verdict“This grinder is suited for travelers who want dependable performance in a tiny, portable form, though it’s less suited for frequent heavy use.”
KINGrinder K6 Manual Coffee Grinder Stainless Burr with Straight Handle
The KINGrinder K6 stands out for its combination of durability, portability, and precise grind control, making it an excellent choice for travelers and outdoor enthusiasts. Its stainless steel burrs offer consistent results across various brewing styles, comparable to the Circle Joy grinder, but with the added advantage of full metal construction that enhances longevity. The 16-micron adjustment clicks provide fine-tuning, though this mechanism requires careful handling to avoid misalignment, and the compact aluminum body makes it lightweight but limits hopper capacity, which could mean frequent refills on longer trips. Manual effort may be tiring for extended use, especially compared with electric options, but for quick, reliable grinding on the go, this model delivers. It’s best suited for users who prioritize durability and precise adjustments in a portable format, while those needing high capacity or effortless operation might look elsewhere.
Pros:- Precise 16-micron adjustment for various brew methods
- Full metal stainless steel burrs ensure durability and consistent grind
- Portable, lightweight, and easy to clean for travel use
- Stylish design makes it an attractive gift option
Cons:- Limited hopper capacity may require frequent refilling on extended trips
- Manual operation can become tiring during prolonged use
- Adjustment mechanism demands careful handling to maintain accuracy
Best for: Travelers, outdoor enthusiasts, or anyone seeking a durable, portable grinder with precise control
Not ideal for: Heavy daily use at home or users who prefer large capacity and minimal effort during grinding
- Adjustment:16 microns per click, 60 clicks per rotation
- Burr Material:Stainless steel
- Body Material:Aluminum
- Hopper Capacity:25-35g
- Design:Full metal, portable, easy to clean
Our verdict“This grinder is ideal for travelers and outdoor users seeking durability and precise control in a portable package.”
Circle Joy Manual Coffee Grinder with 40 External Adjustable Settings, Stainless Steel Burr, Portable Hand Coffee Grinder for Espresso, French Press, Cold Brew
The Circle Joy grinder offers an impressive array of 40 external grind settings, making it highly adaptable for a range of brewing methods from espresso to cold brew. Compared to the KINGrinder K6, it provides more granular control without requiring the fine-tuning of internal adjustment clicks, which can be appealing for users who want quick, precise changes. Its conical stainless steel burr ensures consistent grind size, and the compact, smartphone-sized design makes it perfect for travel or office use. However, the extensive number of settings means manual grinding can become more effortful over time, especially for larger quantities, and the limited capacity suits individual use rather than multiple cups at once. This model is best for users who want maximum versatility and portability but are willing to accept the physical effort for fine-tuning their brew.
Pros:- 40 external grind settings for maximum brewing versatility
- Durable stainless steel conical burr for consistent results
- Quiet, effortless manual operation suitable for quiet environments
- Compact size with included storage pouch for portability
Cons:- Manual grinding effort increases with larger quantities or finer settings
- Limited capacity not suited for multiple servings
- Finer adjustments may require more physical effort over time
Best for: Home baristas, frequent travelers, or anyone needing extensive grind options in a compact form
Not ideal for: Users who prefer effortless grinding or need high volume capacity for multiple cups at once
- Number of Grind Settings:40
- Material:Stainless Steel
- Type:Manual Coffee Grinder
- Burr Type:Conical Burr
- Size:Approximately smartphone-sized
- Includes:Storage pouch
Our verdict“This grinder fits best for users who prize a wide range of grind settings and portability, accepting the effort needed for fine-tuning.”
How We Picked
The products in this roundup were evaluated based on grind quality, build durability, ease of use, portability, and value for money. Emphasis was placed on how well each grinder balances performance with user-friendly features, ensuring both beginners and seasoned coffee lovers find suitable options. We ranked them by how effectively they deliver consistent grounds, how intuitive they are to operate, and how well they stand up over time. This approach prioritizes real-world usability and long-term reliability, helping readers identify grinders that meet their specific brewing needs and budgets.| manual coffee grinder | Material |
|---|---|
| Martens G-01 Manual Coffee Gri | Stainless steel |
| TIMEMORE Chestnut C3S Pro Manu | — |
| JavaPresse Manual Stainless St | Stainless Steel and Ceramic |
| CEVING Mini Manual Coffee Grin | — |
| Manual Coffee Grinder with Cer | Stainless steel and ceramic |
| PARACITY Manual Coffee Grinder | Ceramic burr, glass jars, silicone base |
| Manual Coffee Grinder with Cer | ABS plastic |
| KINGrinder P0 Lightweight Manu | — |
| CEVING World’s First 60g Large | Stainless steel burrs |
| Mini Manual Coffee Grinder wit | ABS, ceramic |
| KINGrinder K6 Manual Coffee Gr | — |
| Circle Joy Manual Coffee Grind | Stainless Steel |
Factors to Consider When Choosing Manual Coffee Grinders
Choosing the right manual coffee grinder involves several important considerations. Beyond just price, understanding how grind consistency, material quality, and adjustability affect your brewing experience can help you make smarter investments. It’s also worth considering how portable you need your grinder to be and whether ease of cleaning matters for your routine. Being aware of common pitfalls, such as opting for overly cheap options that don’t last or models with too few settings, ensures you get the best value for your money.Grind Consistency and Burr Quality
For optimal flavor extraction, consistent grind size is essential. Burr materials like ceramic and steel each have pros and cons—ceramic burrs are generally quieter and resistant to heat, but may chip over time, while steel burrs tend to last longer and handle tougher beans. Pay attention to how finely you can adjust the grind and whether the grinder produces uniform particles. Models with higher-quality burrs will usually provide better consistency, especially important for espresso or pour-over brewing.
Portability and Size
If you plan to bring your grinder on trips or to cafes, compact and lightweight models become attractive options. Foldable handles and small footprints make portability easier, but sometimes at the expense of capacity or stability during grinding. Larger grinders often offer more consistent results but can be cumbersome to carry. Consider your typical use case—commuting, camping, or home use—to strike the right balance between size and performance.
Adjustability and Grind Range
Different brewing methods require varying grind sizes, from fine espresso to coarse French press. Models with adjustable settings give you versatility, but the quality of adjustments can differ significantly. Some grinders feature external dials for easy tuning, while others have click-stops that may feel less precise. Think about your preferred brewing methods and whether you need fine control or simple step adjustments—this will influence your choice.
Ease of Use and Maintenance
An intuitive design minimizes frustration, especially for beginners. Look for grinders with smooth cranks, clear adjustment mechanisms, and easy access to burrs for cleaning. Materials that resist grime and are simple to disassemble save time and effort. Keep in mind that some models may require more frequent cleaning due to their design or burr material, which can impact your long-term satisfaction.
Price and Value
While budget options can be tempting, they often compromise on durability or grind consistency. Conversely, premium models tend to last longer and deliver more uniform grounds but come at a higher cost. Finding a balance depends on your budget and how often you plan to use the grinder. Investing in a slightly more expensive, well-built model can pay off in better results and durability over time.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I use a manual grinder for espresso?
Yes, many manual grinders can produce a fine enough grind suitable for espresso, especially those with high-quality burrs and precise adjustments. However, achieving consistent results may require some experimentation, and a premium model often offers finer and more stable adjustments. For regular espresso brewing, investing in a grinder designed specifically for espresso can improve flavor and consistency, but many enthusiasts find manual options satisfactory for occasional use.
How often should I clean my manual coffee grinder?
Frequency of cleaning depends on usage, but a general rule is to clean your grinder every few weeks if used daily. Regular cleaning prevents oil buildup and residue that can affect flavor. Disassemble the burrs and use a soft brush or compressed air to remove grounds and dust. For deeper cleaning, some models allow for burr removal and washing with mild soap, which is recommended periodically to maintain consistent performance.
Are ceramic burrs better than steel for everyday use?
Ceramic burrs are quieter and resist heat buildup, which can preserve bean flavor. They’re also less prone to rust and corrosion. However, ceramic burrs tend to be more brittle and may chip if dropped or used with tough beans. Steel burrs generally last longer and handle a wider variety of beans without damage. For everyday use, steel burrs are often the more durable choice, especially if you grind frequently or with hard beans.
Is a more expensive manual grinder worth the extra cost?
Higher-priced models typically offer better build quality, finer adjustments, and more consistent grind sizes. If you’re serious about brewing quality coffee or want a grinder that lasts for years, investing in a premium model can be worthwhile. However, for casual use or beginners, mid-range options often deliver excellent performance without the higher price tag. Consider how frequently you’ll use the grinder and your desired level of precision when deciding.
Should I prioritize portability over grind quality?
If you often brew coffee on the go, portability becomes a priority, and compact models with foldable handles or small footprints make sense. However, extremely portable grinders may sacrifice some grind consistency or stability during grinding. For home use, a slightly larger but more stable model can provide better results. Evaluate your typical brewing environment and how much convenience matters versus grind quality.
Conclusion
For those seeking the best overall performance, the Martens G-01 offers a balanced mix of durability, ease of use, and grind consistency. Beginners or casual drinkers will appreciate the JavaPresse Stainless Steel Grinder for its simplicity and portability. Coffee enthusiasts demanding precise control might prefer the TIMEMORE Chestnut C3S Pro with its high-quality burrs and adjustable settings. Budget shoppers can consider the CEVING Mini for good value, while travelers should look at the Circle Joy for its compact design. Ultimately, your choice depends on your brewing style, frequency of use, and whether portability or precision takes priority.
